The result could be the worst of both worlds: higher emissions for New York City and a lower standard of living for its most vulnerable citizens.

“You have to accept that all types of energies have tradeoffs,” said Josiah Neeley, an energy expert at the R Street Institute. “Those are never going to be evenly distributed.”

The tradeoffs have grown more acute with the closure of the Indian Point nuclear power plant, which supplied 30 percent of New York City’s electricity—more than all the wind turbines and solar panels in the state combined.

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