Adam Thierer, senior fellow at the R Street Institute, who has supported federal preemption of state AI regulations, predicted that 2026 will produce a “crazy-quilt of conflicting and confusing chatbot policies across the nation.”

“Competition, innovation, and speech options will be limited as a result of these moves,” Thierer said in an email to Pluribus News. “A wave of First Amendment-based challenges will follow passage of some of the more onerous chatbot laws, but that will take years to sort out.”