Mutual fund advisers’ ’empty voting’ raises new governance issues
The creation of the mutual fund will go down as one of the greatest innovations in financial history. It has provided tens, if not hundreds of millions of unsophisticated and uninformed stock-market investors with easy access to low-cost portfolio diversification. Moreover, for those investors who do not want to spend time and money searching for portfolio managers who can earn excess risk-adjusted returns, passively managed index funds provide tremendous value.
But mutual funds also have their downside. They generate what Ronald Gilson and Jeffrey Gordon would call the “agency costs of agency capitalism.” Mutual funds generate these costs through the industry practice of delegating voting rights to mutual fund advisers. These advisers are also the ones who are contracted to manage the mutual funds’ investments. This delegation of voting rights allows for a stock market phenomenon that is rarely discussed in the press or in academic papers, the “empty voting” of mutual fund advisers. Empty voting is when persons or entities obtain “voting rights greater than their economic interest.” The risk is that empty voting will lead to a reduction in overall shareholder wealth, as the empty voter uses its voting power to act opportunistically at the expense of shareholders. For example, a hedge fund that owns a significant number of shares in a company could also own so many put options on the company’s stock that it would have “negative economic ownership” and vote according to its negative economic interest.
The potential agency costs of this practice have only increased as voting power has become concentrated with the rise of the mega-mutual fund adviser: Blackrock, Vanguard, State Street Global Advisers, and Fidelity, etc. These mega-fund advisers now control, without having any economic interest in the underlying shares, the voting rights associated with trillions of dollars’ worth of equity securities. For example, as of Dec. 31, 2016, Blackrock had more than $5.1 trillion of assets under management, with a little over half of those assets being equity securities.
In a recent op-ed piece in the Wall Street Journal, Todd Henderson and Dorothy Shapiro Lund discuss how an activist hedge fund, acting with the support of the two leading proxy advisers, was allegedly impeded in moving forward on its proxy contest because several mega-mutual fund advisers balked at voting to support the hedge fund’s director nominees for fear that doing so would “threaten their ability to retain that company as a client for corporate retirement fund assets.” This conflict of interest, the desire not to offend management for fear of losing business, encompasses the conventional wisdom of how mutual fund advisers may use their empty voting power opportunistically and has been the subject of empirical study.
But there may be more to this empty voting story than just conventional wisdom. It can be argued that mega-mutual fund advisers have been drawn into an alliance with the shareholder empowerment movement on the issues of proxy access and dual-class share structures created through initial public offerings like Snap Inc.’s (which resulted in a class of nonvoting shares) simply because of the business opportunity such an alliance represents. That opportunity is to attract or retain the business of public pension funds and union-related funds (which control approximately $3 trillion in assets). These institutional leaders in the shareholder empowerment movement are shifting their portfolios away from high-cost, actively managed mutual funds and hedge funds to low cost-indexed funds, the kind of funds that the top 10 largest mutual fund advisers dominate in terms of market share.
The shareholder empowerment movement advocates shifting corporate decisionmaking authority to shareholders, and thus away from boards of directors and executive management, without regard to the impact on the decisionmaking of public companies. Shareholder empowerment, not shareholder wealth maximization or enhanced company performance, is the objective of this movement. Therefore, this alliance cannot be understood as being wealth maximizing for mutual fund investors.
Moreover, this alliance puts mega-mutual fund advisers in very awkward advocacy positions. For example, given the voting power they have gained from being empty voters, it is quite ironic that mega-mutual fund advisers have joined forces with the shareholder empowerment movement in its advocacy of a “one share, one vote” policy and, more specifically, in its call for the elimination of dual-class share structures. Yes, mega-mutual fund advisers have the one vote—millions, if not billions of them—but no share ownership. This is a classic example of the pot calling the kettle black.
More generally, when mega-mutual fund advisers join forces with institutions that represent the shareholder empowerment movement in advocating for certain types of corporate governance arrangements, such as proxy access, they become what many board of directors fear the most, a wolf pack, i.e., a “loose network[s] of parallel-minded shareholders … that act together to effect change in a given corporation [or private ordering in general] without disclosing their collective interest.” Unlike activist hedge funds, the mega-mutual fund advisers that make up a wolf pack do not have significant ownership stakes in the companies they target for advocacy, creating the risk that they will use their voting power opportunistically and not with the objective of making sure the most value-enhancing governance arrangements are implemented or maintained.
The power of this wolf pack is enhanced by having as a leader(s) the institution(s) that represents the shareholder empowerment movement. In cases where the advocacy is for a one-size-fits-all change in private ordering, such as with dual-class share structures, that leadership is provided by the Council of Institutional Investors (CII), the trade organization that represents public pension funds and union-related funds. Given such significant voting power and leadership, boards, stock exchanges, index providers and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) will be hard pressed to overcome the power of this wolf pack’s advocacy.
If this alliance between mutual fund advisers and the shareholder empowerment movement is allowed to stand without challenge, then public companies will be pressured into more and more suboptimal corporate governance arrangements. Ironically, there will then be a greater and greater need for dual-class share structures, even when they are not being used to protect the “idiosyncratic vision” of a company’s founders. Instead, they will be used to protect against the suboptimal arrangements that would be forced upon them as public companies.
How to address the empty voting of mutual fund advisers will be one of the great corporate governance challenges of the foreseeable future. It is not unreasonable to argue that the empty voting of mutual fund advisers needs to be limited. Such voting power is not warranted when it does not come with equivalent economic ownership.
Image by David Dirga
