Devin Hartman, director of energy and environmental policy at the free-market focused R Street Institute, said state initiatives have been controversial when applied to commercial operations, with industrial and large commercial users pushing back because they see them as eliminating a competitive edge.

“There’s a very diverse framework out there,” said Hartman, who has worked at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission. “A lot of the performance has varied widely, everything from being highly cost-effective to very ineffective.”

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